Still on the Sidelines: Developing the Non-Discrimination Paradigm under Title IX

I. Introduction Despite the promises of equal opportunity for women signalled by the passage of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX), 1 little progress in the creditable realization of this goal occurred in intercollegiate or interscholastic athletics between 1972 and 1992. 2 This lack of progress was unfortunate. 3 In many ways, most women were still on the sidelines. However, recent judicial decisions have allowed many, but certainly not all, women to leave the sidelines and enter the playing fields as equals. By virtue of three landmark cases, Cohen v. Brown, 4 Roberts v. Colorado State Board of Agriculture, 5 and Favia v. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 6 women who are blessed with great athletic ability have earned a mandate for nu- merical parity with men in intercollegiate athletic programs. In these three cases, federal district courts issued injunctions to prevent post-secondary institutions from eliminating certain women\u27s intercollegiate athletic teams, 7 or reducing them to a lower level status. 8 Every decision was affirmed on appeal. 9 The various courts held that the defendant institutions in each of the three cases had engaged in gender discrimination, prohibited by Title IX, 10 by failing to meet any one of three alternative measures established in the Policy Interpretation. 11 These three measures, which are designed to be considered consecutively, attempt to provide for assessment of the opportu- nity for individuals of both genders to compete in athletic programs by de- termining: 1. Whether intercollegiate [or interscholastic ..

Dispersion analysis techniques within the space vehicle dynamics simulation program

The Space Vehicle Dynamics Simulation (SVDS) program was evaluated as a dispersion analysis tool. The Linear Error Analysis (LEA) post processor was examined in detail and simulation techniques relative to conducting a dispersion analysis using the SVDS were considered. The LEA processor is a tool for correlating trajectory dispersion data developed by simulating 3 sigma uncertainties as single error source cases. The processor combines trajectory and performance deviations by a root-sum-square (RSS process) and develops a covariance matrix for the deviations. Results are used in dispersion analyses for the baseline reference and orbiter flight test missions. As a part of this study, LEA results were verified as follows: (A) Hand calculating the RSS data and the elements of the covariance matrix for comparison with the LEA processor computed data. (B) Comparing results with previous error analyses. The LEA comparisons and verification are made at main engine cutoff (MECO)

Investigation of light source and scattering medium related to vapor-screen flow visualization in a supersonic wind tunnel

Methods for increasing the radiant in light sheets used for vapor screen set-ups were investigated. Both high-pressure mercury arc lamps and lasers were considered. Pulsed operation of the air-cooled 1-kW lamps increased the light output but decreased reliability. An ellipsoidal mirror improved the output of the air-cooled lamps by concentrating the light but increased the complexity of the housing. Water-cooled-4-kW lamps coupled with high-aperture Fresnel lenses provided reasonable improvements over the air-cooled lamps. Fanned laser beams measurements of scattered light versus dew point made in conjunction with successful attempts to control the fluid injection. A number of smoke generators are described and test results comparing smoke and vapor screens are shown. Finally, one test included a periscope system to relay the image to a camera outside the flow

Video photographic considerations for measuring the proximity of a probe aircraft with a smoke seeded trailing vortex

Considerations for acquiring and analyzing 30 Hz video frames from charge coupled device (CCD) cameras mounted in the wing tips of a Beech T-34 aircraft are described. Particular attention is given to the characterization and correction of optical distortions inherent in the data

Force reflecting hand controller

A universal input device for interfacing a human operator with a slave machine such as a robot or the like includes a plurality of serially connected mechanical links extending from a base. A handgrip is connected to the mechanical links distal from the base such that a human operator may grasp the handgrip and control the position thereof relative to the base through the mechanical links. A plurality of rotary joints is arranged to connect the mechanical links together to provide at least three translational degrees of freedom and at least three rotational degrees of freedom of motion of the handgrip relative to the base. A cable and pulley assembly for each joint is connected to a corresponding motor for transmitting forces from the slave machine to the handgrip to provide kinesthetic feedback to the operator and for producing control signals that may be transmitted from the handgrip to the slave machine. The device gives excellent kinesthetic feedback, high-fidelity force/torque feedback, a kinematically simple structure, mechanically decoupled motion in all six degrees of freedom, and zero backlash. The device also has a much larger work envelope, greater stiffness and responsiveness, smaller stowage volume, and better overlap of the human operator's range of motion than previous designs

Guadalupe pluton–Mariposa Formation age relationships in the southern Sierran Foothills: Onset of Mesozoic subduction in northern California?

We report a new 153 ± 2 Ma SIMS U-Pb date for zircons from the hypabyssal Guadalupe pluton which crosscuts and contact metamorphoses upper crustal Mariposa slates in the southern Sierra. A ~950 m thick section of dark metashales lies below sandstones from which clastic zircons were analyzed at 152 ± 2 Ma. Assuming a compacted depositional rate of ~120 m/Myr, accumulation of Mariposa volcanogenic sediments, which overlie previously stranded Middle Jurassic and older ophiolite + chert-argillite belts in the Sierran Foothills, began no later than ~160 Ma. Correlative Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian strata of the Galice Formation occupy a similar position in the Klamath Mountains. We speculate that the Late Jurassic was a time of transition from (1) a mid-Paleozoic–Middle Jurassic interval of mainly but not exclusively strike-slip and episodic docking of oceanic terranes; (2) to transpressive plate underflow, producing calcalkaline igneous arc rocks ± outboard blueschists at ~170–150 Ma, whose erosion promoted accumulation of the Mariposa-Galice overlap strata; (3) continued transpressive underflow attending ~200 km left-lateral displacement of the Klamath salient relative to the Sierran arc at ~150–140 Ma and development of the apparent polar wander path cusps for North and South America; and (4) then nearly orthogonal mid and Late Cretaceous convergence commencing at ~125–120 Ma, during reversal in tangential motion of the Pacific plate. After ~120 Ma, nearly head-on subduction involving minor dextral transpression gave rise to voluminous continent-building juvenile and recycled magmas of the Sierran arc, providing the erosional debris to the Great Valley fore arc and Franciscan trench

Carprofen-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria of the colonic mucosa of the dog

Objectives 1) To measure conductance and permeability of canine colonic mucosa exposed to increasing concentrations of carprofen. 2) To compare conductance and permeability of canine colonic mucosa exposed to carprofen or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and tempol blockade. Design In vitro randomized block design Animal 20 mixed breed dogs Methods Conductance, mannitol flux, and histology were evaluated in colonic mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. Mucosa was first exposed to increasing concentrations of carprofen. Mucosa was then exposed to either carprofen (200 μg/ml) or DNP (0.25mM) +/- tempol (1mM) pretreatment. Conductance over time, mannitol fluxes, and frequency of histologic categories were analyzed for treatment effects. Histopathology and electron microscopy were evaluated post experiment. Results Mean +/- SEM conductance*time for 400 μg/ml carprofen treated colon was significantly greater than control. Mean +/- SEM conductance*time for carprofen treated colon at 200, 100 and 40 μg/ml were not significantly different from control. Mean +/- SEM conductance*time for 400 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml carprofen treated colon were not significantly different. Period 3 mannitol flux was greater than period 1 for 400 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml carprofen treated colon but not significantly different for 100 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, and control. Period 3 flux for 400 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml carprofen treated colon were not different but were greater than control. Mean +/- SEM conductance*time for carprofen or DNP treated colon were not significantly different from control regardless of blockade. Period 3 flux for carprofen and DNP treated colon were not different but were greater than control. Period 3 flux for carprofen treated colon with tempol pretreatment was not significantly different than control. Period 3 flux for DNP treated colon with tempol pretreatment was not different than without tempol but was greater than control. Cell sloughing and erosions were observed with high carprofen concentrations. Mitochondrial damage was seen with carprofen treatment compared to DNP treatment or control. Tempol pretreatment effect on mitochondrial morphology was inconsistent. Conclusion Carprofen exhibits concentration dependent toxicity to canine colonic mucosa. Carprofen and DNP induce similar mucosal damage evident by changes in electrical conductance, mannitol flux, and histopathology. Carprofen damages enterocyte mitochondria

Is There Enhanced Depletion of Gas-Phase Nitrogen in Moderately Reddened Lines of Sight?

We report on the abundance of interstellar neutral nitrogen (NI) for 30 sightlines, using data from the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). NI column densities are derived by measuring the equivalent widths of several ultraviolet absorption lines and subsequently fitting those to a curve of growth. We find a mean interstellar N/H of 51+/-4 ppm. This is below the mean found by Meyer et al. of 62(+4,-3) ppm (adjusted for a difference in f-values). Our mean N/H is similar, however, to the (f-value adjusted) mean of 51+/-3 ppm found by Knauth et al. for a larger sample of sightlines with larger hydrogen column densities comparable to those in this study. We discuss the question of whether or not nitrogen shows increased gas-phase depletion in lines of sight with column densities log(H_tot) >~ 21, as claimed by Knauth et al. The nitrogen abundance in the line of sight toward HD 152236 is particularly interesting. We derive very small N/H and N/O ratios for this line of sight that may support a previous suggestion that members of the Sco OB1 association formed from an N-deficient region.Comment: Accepted in The Astrophysical Journal, 9/2006 (expected pub. date: 1/2007) 38 pages, 5 figures (4 color

Airframe and Systems Design, Analysis, and Testing of the Horizon Morphing-Wing Aircraft

Morphing trailing edge technology can provide the ability to dynamically alter the twist distribution, and therefore lift distribution, of an aircraft during flight. There are certain optimal lift distributions which can be chosen to create proverse yawing effects and eliminate the need for vertical control surfaces. The purpose of this project is to support the design and testing of a morphing, crescent flying wing airframe which will be used to evaluate yaw control in an aircraft without vertical control surfaces. There are three main objectives of this project, which are to perform static and dynamic analysis on the crescent wing design, develop electronics capable of mapping three pilot inputs to eleven control surface outputs, and ultimately build and flight test the aircraft. This report details the completion of these objectives, the final design of the aircraft and internal systems, and the results from each flight test completed

Geology of the Cuesta Ridge Ophiolite Remnant near San Luis Obispo , California: Evidence for the Tectonic Setting and Origin of the Coast Range Ophiolite

The Cuesta Ridge ophiolite is one of the best-preserved remnants of mid-Jurassic ophiolite in California. Geologic mapping and petrologic studies show that it comprises (1) harzburgite mantle tectonite, (2) dunite-rich mantle transition zone (MTZ), (3) wehrlite and pyroxenite, (4) isotropic gabbro, (5) sheeted dike/sill complex, (6) volcanic rocks (7) late-stage dikes and flows, and (8) tuffaceous radiolarian chert. The sheeted dike/sill complex is dominated by quartz diorite, with significant modal quartz and hornblende. The volcanic section is dominated by arc tholeiite and boninitic lavas. Boninites, with high MgO, Cr, and Ni comprise 40% of the volcanic rocks. Latestage dikes and lava flows below the overlying chert, have a MORB-like affinity. These data suggest formation in a supra-subduction zone setting with three stages of arc-related magmatism before late-stage MORB magmatism. I infer formation above the east-dipping proto-Franciscan subduction zone and suggest that ophiolite formation was terminated by a ridge subduction/collision event